Problem Solving (TIPS)

In the previous section there were some general tips in regards to homework sets as a whole. Here are some tips to help you actually work the problems. Note that some of the ideas were important enough that they are actually in both sections.


Read the Problem.
Read the problem to get an idea of what you’re being asked to do. This one of the biggest sources of point loss that I’ve seen in grading. Too many students just skim the problem and assume they know what’s going on and what they are being asked to do.


Read the Problem Again.
Now that you know what you’re being asked to do, read the problem again. This time around make note of what you are given and what you need to find. Also make sure that you understand just what you’re being asked to do.

Learn From Your Mistakes (TIPS)

This is probably one of the more important sections here and also one of the most over looked. Learning from your mistakes can only help you.
 

Review Homework.
When you get your homework back review it looking for errors that you made.

Review Exams.
Do the same thing with exams.

Understand the Error.
When you find an error in your homework or exams try to understand what the error is and just what you did wrong. Look for something about the error that you can remember to help you to avoid making it again.

Get Help.
If you can find the error and/or don’t understand why it was an error then get help. Ask the instructor, your tutor, or a classmate who got the problem correct.

How To Study Mathematics Part 2 (TIPS)

Read what the instructor will be lecturing on before you go to class. Read slowly. Reading mathematics is not like reading a novel or even history. Speed reading techniques are not appropriate. Every word and symbol is important to the meaning. Do not skip the symbolic part of the text. This is often the most important part. If you do not understand a symbol, look in the glossary or in the earlier part of the text. Symbols are often explained when they are first introduced. If you still cannot find out what a symbol means, ASK! Read with a pencil in hand. Every time the author does a problem, do it on your own—either before or after you read his or her explanation. This makes sure you know what steps have been shown and, more importantly, which ones were omitted. If there is something you do not understand, try to formulate a question about it. Often if you can ask a specific question, you can answer it yourself. If you can’t answer it, you know what part of the instructor’s lecture requires your complete attention. Your question is ready if the lecture does not clear up your misunderstanding.

Understand the concepts. Don’t be satisfied with vague ideas about how to work problems. Do the examples yourself, understand the concept illustrated, then try making up your own examples. Keep in mind that the questions on the exam may be very different from the example in the book.

Doing Homework!

Note that this section contains some general tips on making the most out of your homework. The next section contains tips on actually working homework problems.


Understand the Purpose of Homework.

Instructors do not give you homework assignments to make your life miserable (well some might, but most don’t!). Homework assignments are given to help you to learn the material in the class and to develop good reasoning and problems solving skills.

Mathematics is just not a subject that most people will instantly understand every single topic after hearing the instructors lecture. Most people need to work on some problems in order to really start to understand the topic. That is the point of the homework. It gives you a set of problems that will help you to understand the topics.

Taking Notes (TIPS)

Here are a couple of tips for taking notes in the class.

Listen in Class.
Do not just write down what you see on the board. No instructor is going to write down every word they say and sometimes the important ideas won’t get written down.


Write Down Explanatory Remarks. 

Make sure you write down any explanatory remarks the instructor makes. These often won’t get written down by the instructor, but can tell you how to work a particular kind of problem or why the instructor used one formula/method over another for a given problem.
Note Important Formulas/Concepts.If an instructor emphasizes a particular formula or concept then make note of it. This probably means the instructor feels that it’s important and important formulas and concepts are much more likely to show up on an exam.

General Tips for Studying Mathematics (TIPS)

These are some general tips that where either important enough to single out or just didn’t seem to fit into any of the other sections.

Go To Class.

Remember that math is cumulative. If you don’t go to class you will miss important material that will be used in later sections and/or important announcements.

Get to Class On Time.

Sometime important announcements are only given during the first few minutes of a class.

Listen During Class.

In order to get something out of the class you need to listen while in class. Often this can be difficult to do but it is very important. Sometimes important ideas will not be written down on the board, but instead just spoken by the instructor. Watch for things the instructor emphasizes, even if just in words. This often means the instructor thinks it’s important. The more important that an instructor thinks a topic is, the more likely that it will show up on the exam!

Take Good Notes.

Try to write down everything that instructor puts on board. It may seem easy when watching the instructor, but it often is not so easy when it comes time for you to do it. A good set of notes will help remind you how to do these problems. For some instructors writing down everything may be difficult. In these cases you should try to write down as much as possible.

Studying for Examinations (TIPS)

Here are some tips on studying for exams.

Start on Day One.
You should always be studying for the next exam. Do a little each day, or at the very least start studying 2-3 days before the exam. Do NOT start studying the night before the exam. Cramming, while a time honored college tradition, just doesn’t work as well as spending time each day studying, especially with a math class.

Get a Good Nights Sleep.
Get a good nights sleep the night before the exam. It is important to be well rested and mentally sharp when you take the exam.

Make a List of Important Concepts/Formulas.
Review your notes and make a concise list of important concepts and formulas. Make sure you know these formulas and more importantly how to use them!

How To Study Mathematics (TIPS)

Before I get into the tips for how to study math let me first say that everyone studies differently and there is no one right way to study for a math class. There are a lot of tips in this document and there is a pretty good chance that you will not agree with all of them or find that you can’t do all of them due to time constraints. There is nothing wrong with that. We all study differently and all that anyone can ask of us is that we do the best that we can. It is my intent with these tips to help you do the best that you can given the time that you’ve got to work with.

Now, I figure that there are two groups of people here reading this document, those that are happy with their grade, but are interested in what I’ve got to say and those that are not happy with their grade and want some ideas on how to improve. Here are a couple of quick comments for each of these groups.

International Journal Site List

1. http://www.ejmste.com - Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
2. http://www.iejme.com/ - International Electronic Journal of mathematics Education
3. http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/journal/default.htm - International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning
4. http://www.upd.edu.ph/~ismed/online/index.htm - International Online Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
5. http://www.e-iji.net/ - International Journal of Instruction
6. http://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/ - Asia Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching
7. http://www.philjol.info/index.php/TAPER - The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher
8. http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies - International Education Studies
9. http://www.joci.ecu.edu/index.php/JoCI - Journal of Curriculum and Instruction
10. http://www.eurojournals.com/EJSS.htm - European Journal of Social Sciences

List Of Thesis Titles And International Scientific Journals

Integrating SchoolSciencewith Sustainability  LeeShok Mee Education:A Content Analysis

Greening the NewChemistry Curiculumin Mie-Ling Tio &Kai-Li Matriculation Colege: ASuggestion Teh

Models of Chemistry Education and theDani Asmadi Ibrahim & SEAMEO Matriculation Chemistry Course: A Review Kamisah Osman Hal

An Investigationof theRelationships between Lay Yoon Fah, Khoo the Knowledge,Atitudes, and BehaviourChweeHoon,Anuthra Dimensionsof EnvironmentalLiteracy among  Sirisena & Aileen
Urban and Rural Form4 Students in Sabah, Chong Malaysia

Creating a Best Practice of Thoughtful Ng Soo Boon ChemistryClasroom

Pre-service Saudi Arabian Science Teachers'Nawaf Alharbi,David F. UnderstandingofDifusion, Osmosis andTreagust& A.L. ParticleTheory Concepts and Their Atitudes Chandrasegaran toScience

Misconception of Microscopic Level on AcidSri Winarni, Syahrial & Penang Base Concept ontheUniversity Chemical Rusman Room1 Students atFinal Year in Faculty of Teacher
Training andEducation UNSYIAH School Year 2010/2011

Modul Proses Berpikir Matematika 1

Daftar Isi: 

1. Keterbagian
2. Algoritmapembagian
3. PST dan KST
4. PST dan KST untuk sepasang bilangan bulat
5. PST dan KST untuk berhingga buah bilangan bulat
6. Algoritma Euclid
7. Bilangan prim
8. Testke prima n dan penyaringan Eratosthenes
9. Teorema Dasar Aritmatika
10. Beberapa masalah besar tentang bilangan prim
11. Kongruensi
12. Defenisi dan sifat-sifat dasar
13. Uji keterbagian dengan memanfaatkan digit-digitnya
14. Kongruensi Linier
15. Teorema Fermat dan Teorema Wilson
16. Fungsi Aritmatika
17. Akar primitif
18. Hukum Kebalikan Kuadrat
19. Pecahan bersambung

Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 9 - Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests

Chapter Topics

• Hypothesis testing methodology
• Z test for the mean ( known)
• P-value approach to hypothesis testing
• Connection to confidence interval estimation
• One-tail tests
• T test for the mean ( unknown)
• Z test for the proportion
• Potential hypothesis-testing pitfalls and ethical considerations

What is a Hypothesis?

The Null Hypothesis, H0

• Begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true
• Refers to the status quo
• Always contains the “=” sign
• May or may not be rejected

Confidence Interval Estimation (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 8 - Confidence Interval Estimation

Chapter Topics

• Estimation process
• Point estimates
• Interval estimates
• Confidence interval estimation for the mean ( known)
• Determining sample size
• Confidence interval estimation for the mean ( unknown)

Chapter Topics

• Confidence interval estimation for the proportion
• Confidence interval estimation for population total
• Confidence interval estimation for total difference in the population
• Estimation and sample size determination for finite population
• Confidence interval estimation and ethical considerations

Sampling Distributions (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 7 - Sampling Distributions

Chapter Topics

• Sampling distribution of the mean
• Sampling distribution of the proportion
• Sampling from finite population

Why Study Sampling Distributions

• Sample statistics are used to estimate population parameters
• Problems: Different samples provide different estimates
• Approach to solution: Theoretical basis is sampling distribution

Sampling Distribution

• Theoretical probability distribution of a sample statistic
• Sample statistic is a random variable
• Results from taking all possible samples of the same size

The Normal Distribution and Other Continuous Distributions (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 6 - The Normal Distribution and Other Continuous Distributions

Chapter Topics

• The normal distribution
• The standardized normal distribution
• Evaluating the normality assumption
• The exponential distribution

Continuous Probability Distributions

• Continuous random variable
• Continuous probability distribution
• Most important continuous probability distribution

The Normal Distribution

• “Bell shaped”
• Symmetrical
• Mean, median and mode are equal
• Interquartile rangeequals 1.33 n Random variablehas infinite range

Some Important Discrete Probability Distributions (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 5 - Some Important Discrete Probability Distributions

Chapter Topics

• The probability of a discrete random variable
• Covariance and its applications in finance
• Binomial distribution
• Poisson distribution
• Hypergeometric distribution

Random Variable

• Random variable
• Outcomes of an experiment expressed numerically
• e.g.: Toss a die twice; Count the number of times the number 4 appears (0, 1 or 2 times)

Basic Probability (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 4 - Basic Probability

Chapter Topics

• Basic probability concepts
• Sample spaces and events, simple probability, joint probability
• Conditional probability
• Statistical independence, marginal probability
• Bayes’s theorem

Events
Simple event

• Outcome from a sample space with one characteristic
• e.g.: A red card from a deck of cards

Joint event

• Involves two outcomes simultaneously
• e.g.: An ace that is also red from a deck of cards

Numerical Descriptive Measures (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 3 - Numerical Descriptive Measures

Chapter Topics

• Measures of central tendency
• Mean, median, mode, geometric mean, midrange
• Quartile
• Measure of variation
• Range, Interquartile range, variance and standard deviation, coefficient of variation
• Shape
• Symmetric, skewed, using box-and-whisker plots

Chapter Topics

• Coefficient of correlation
• Pitfalls in numerical descriptive measures and ethical considerations

Summary Measures

• Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
• Mean (arithmetic mean) of data values
• Sample mean

Presenting Data in Tables and Charts (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics (8th Edition)
Chapter 2 - Presenting Data in Tables and Charts 

Chapter Topics

• Organizing numerical data
• The ordered array and stem-leaf display
• Tabulating and graphing Univariate numerical data
• Frequency distributions: tables, histograms, polygons
• Cumulative distributions: tables, the Ogive
• Graphing Bivariate numerical data

Chapter Topics

• Tabulating and graphing Univariate categorical data
• The summary table
• Bar and pie charts, the Pareto diagram
• Tabulating and graphing Bivariate categorical data
• Contingency tables
• Side by side bar charts
• Graphical excellence and common errors in presenting data

Introduction and Data Collection (PPT)

Basic Business Statistics 8th Edition
Chapter 1 - Introduction and Data Collection 

Chapter Topics

• Why a manager needs to know about statistics
• The growth and development of modern statistics
• Key definitions
• Descriptive versus inferential statistics

Chapter Topics
Why data are needed

• Types of data and their sources
• Design of survey research
• Types of sampling methods
• Types of survey errors

Why a Manager Needs to Know about Statistics

• To know how to properly present information
• To know how to draw conclusions about populations based on sample information
• To know how to improve processes
• To know how to obtain reliable forecasts

The Growth and Development of Modern Statistics Key Definitions

• A population (universe) is the collection of things under consideration
• A sample is a portion of the population selected for analysis
• A parameter is a summary measure computed to describe a characteristic of the population
• A statistic is a summary measure computed to describe a characteristic of the sample

Modul Statistika - Apa itu Statistika?

Modul Statistika - Apa itu Statistika?
Oleh Dr. Hizir

Pengolahan informasi statistik mempunyai sejarah jauh ke belakang sejak awal peradaban manusia. Pada awal zaman Masehi, bangsa-bangsa mengumpulkan data statistik untuk mendapatkan informasi deskriptif mengenai banyak hal, misalnya pajak, perang, hasil pertanian, bahkan pertandingan atletik. Pada masa kini, dengan berkembangnya teori peluang, kita dapat menggunakan berbagai metode statistika yang memungkinkan kita untuk meneropong jauh di luar data yang kita kumpulkan dan masuk ke dalam wilayah pengambilan keputusan melalui generalisasi dan peramalan.

Statistika merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari cara mengumpulkan, menata, mengolah, menyajikan, dan menganalisa data serta cara pengambilan kesimpulan secara umum berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang tidak menyeluruh.

Statistika deskriptif adalah metode-metode statistika yang berkaitan dengan meringkas, menangani dan menyajikan data sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang berguna.

Statistika inferensia adalah metode-metode statistika yang berhubungan dengan menarik kesimpulan mengenai karakteristik populasi berdasarkan informasi yang diperoleh dari sampel.

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Statistics, Principles and Methods

Statistics, Principles and Methods
by Richard Arnold.

Statistics-the subject of data analysis and data-based reasoning-is playing an increasingly vital role in virtually all professions. Some familiarity with this subject is now an essential component of any college education. Yet, pressures to accommodate a growing list of academic requirements often necessitate that this exposure be brief. Keeping these conditions in mind, we have written this book to provide students with a first exposure to the powerful ideas of modern statistics. It presents the key statistical concepts and the most commonly applied methods of statistical analysis. Moreover, to keep it accessible to freshmen and sophomores from a wide range of disciplines, we have avoided mathematical derivations. They usually pose a stumbling block to learning the essentials in a short period of time.

This book is intended for students who do not have a strong background in mathematics but seek to leam the basic ideas of statistics and their application in a variety of practical settings. The core material of this book is common to almost all first courses in statistics and is designed to be covered well within a one-semester or two-quarter course in introductory statistics for freshmen-juniors. It is supplemented with some additional special-topics chapters. These can be covered either by teaching the core material at a faster pace or with reduced emphasis on some of the earlier chapters. 

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